pros and cons of descriptive representation pros and cons of descriptive representation

An integrated model of womens representation. Italy has proportional representation built into their government structures. 1:15 pm Advantages: unbiased distribution of confounders; blinding more likely; randomisation facilitates statistical analysis. Any system of government can fall victim to extremism. Naturalistic observation also gives the observers little to no control which gives the observer pure, non-corrupted data. Indiana University, 210 Woodburn Hall, 1100 East Seventh Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA, You can also search for this author in RSVP required: https://t.co/WHADcFVR4h, RT @HarvardIOP: JUST ANNOUNCED: Join @AbigailDisney, @KathyHughesFilm, @RebeccaReCap, Artemis Bell, and @SharBlock next Tuesday as they dis. It is not always wise to compromise. - 167.99.130.146. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. Over the last 4 decades, the government has been forced to dissolve its parliament 8 times. Established in 1939 and published for the Southern Political Science Association, The Journal of Politics is a leading general-interest journal of political science and the oldest regional political science journal in the United States. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. People who were part of the study had experienced some medication error in their work unit, with dose errors being the most frequent and the number of staff giving to the event of medication errors. In addition, it is possible to present a hypothesis and to expand the degree of knowledge about the event under investigation. Descriptive research can be used to classify the data collected in the study that is being carried out, separating them into different categories of description. consumed. the six voting members of the House being women. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 0. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. In, addition, women representation has grown over the years with the current Congress having more, women in positions of power. Casellas, J. P., & Wallace, S. J. ; ; . What is procedural justice-criteria used by citizens to assess the fairness of legal procedures. In this article, we will explore the benefits and limitations of descriptive research and when it is the most appropriate research method to use. Social Science Quarterly, 88(5), 11061123. Tomorrow at @BelferCenter: MEI Senior Fellow Dr. Ghadeer Aseri will discuss issues of gender & inequality in the MENA region with MEI Senior Fellow and former Prime Minister of Tunisia Dr. Youssef Chahed. It seeks to provide information about the what, how, when, and where of the research problem, without giving priority to answering the why of the problem. The Gender Action Portal (GAP) serves as an online tool for decision-makers across sectors. Some of the most important are listed below. They basically consist of making a description of the variables to be measured in a phenomenon, and analyzing the incidence at the time that event occurs. Gender & Conflict Gender Action Portal American Journal of Political Science, 640652. When voters vote in person, poll workers are the street level bureaucrats charged with complying with local, state, and federal laws, setting up the polling location, checking voters in and verifying voter registration status, providing assistance and remedy when there are problems with the voting machines, responding to citizens concerns and questions, and closing the polling location. The seldom receive access to the majority coalition and rarely earn an absolute majority, but there is always the possibility that their voiced opinions will gain traction with the general population. Race, sociopolitical participation, and black empowerment. 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This article will briefly describe each of these methods, their advantages, and their drawbacks. Descriptive researchis atype of researchthat is responsible for describing the population situation or phenomenon around which his study focuses. Public Opinion Quarterly, 48(4), 741756. Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. The research can utilize methods such as surveys, observation, field experiments, interviews and number analysis. They get straight to the point, without relying on consumers . pros and cons of descriptive representation | June 29 / 2022 | accidentally crushed birth control pillaccidentally crushed birth control pill A finding supported with regard to courts by Scherer and Curry (2010), although their study did not take into account whether this effect would be independent of substantive outcomes. The three most common descriptive statistics can be displayed graphically or pictorially and are measures of: Graphical/Pictorial Methods Measures of Central Tendency While it stands to reason that voters are more confident when candidates who areaffiliatedwith their political party win, what voters experience while casting a ballot can also contribute to their confidence in elections. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). The Symbolic Benefits of Descriptive and Substantive Representation. At the same time, greater inclusion can also lead toward higher levels of extremism within the government, while encouraging more gridlock if the political parties are unable to find a pathway toward compromise. In contexts of historical political subordination and low de facto legitimacy, descriptive representation helps create a social meaning of "ability to rule" and increases the attachment to the polity of members of the group. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Statistical inference, on the other hand, consists of the methods involved . Farmer's Empowerment through knowledge management. It reduces the effects of extremism in politics. 05.17.2018, https://electionlab.mit.edu/articles/descriptive-representation-election-administration. Redrawing a congressional district to intentionally benefit one political party. Law and Society Review, 22, 103. Rather than trying to convey the emotion or values in your brand, descriptive titles simply tell customers exactly what you do. 3. It has received increasing attention as a source of subjects for social science researchers. Under the system of proportional representation, seats are not awarded based on community or district voting. The structures behind proportional representation allow independent candidates and minority parties an opportunity to be elected, which can end the dynasties of the major political parties in that country. American Political Science Review, 90, 794812. 1999 The University of Chicago Press Kuklinski, J. H. (1978). (2015). The models have parameters which may be useful in understanding the focus of the matter such as a mean, standard deviation of the variable and standard deviation of the mean as examples. pros and cons of descriptive representation. The reality of this type of governing, however, is that each party wants to have its own way with things. Politics of presence? The substantive results are unchanged when we run the analyses on each dependent variable separately. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. Black faces in the mirror: African Americans and their representatives in the US Congress. While The most prevalent number-based scholarship linking women's descriptive and substantive political repre Proportional Representations Pros and Cons. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires descriptive representation far more . Comparative Political Studies, 0010414012463884. Copyright 2023 The President and Fellows of, The Black Agenda with Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman, Continuing Conflict: Old Challenges and New Debates, Revenge of the Patriarchs Why Autocrats Fear Women, We are a tinderbox: Political violence is ramping up, experts warn, Eliana La Ferrara: An economist looking at the world through a wider lens, Hourly and gig workers have it worse than we thoughtand why that matters for u, The reversal of reproductive rights in America is contrary to global trends. descriptive representation pros and consadvanced spelling bee words for adults. Guinier, L. (1995). To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. In the profession of Psychology, watching people, animals, possessions in an environment are called observation. California: University of California Press. 3. The main difference between descriptive and substantive representation is that in descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent, whereas, in substantive representation, representatives focus on the issues of a particular group. Successfully determining who wins and loses in an election involves aseries of systemsthat, while operating simultaneously, function independent of each other. The delegate theory of representation. To achieve this task, the researcher can choose between two different types of research designs, which have specific characteristics that differentiate them from each other. Race, representation, and trust: Changes in attitudes after the election of a black mayor. On June 24, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, ending nearly 50 years of constitutional protections for abortion. Naturalistic observation is around us and can used by the ordinary person to a psychologist in extensive research. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires de-scriptive representation far more than does the aggregative function. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. WAPPP has compiled resources from across Harvard University on what the historic ruling means for reproductive rights and other protected civil liberties. Additionally, it is possible to make future forecasts, although they are considered premature or basic. Descriptive names are one of the most simplistic solutions. The two types of designs used in descriptive research are described below: In cross-sectional designs, the variables are not affected by any type of process, which is why they only dedicate themselves to observing the event as it happens, limiting themselves only to analyzing them. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. When nondescriptive representatives have, for various reasons, greater Pros and Cons: Getting a Professional vs. Gay, C. (2001). Race and turnout: Does descriptive representation in state legislatures increase minority voting? The concept of representation. Many communities under this system can come away feeling like they dont matter to the governing coalition. See Jane run: Women politicians as role models for adolescents. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45(1), 91. In, Correlational research is a type of non-experimental research in which investigators measure two variables and, Free association is one of the methods most closely linked to the psychoanalysisof Sigmund Freud, All Rights Reserved | View Non-AMP Version, Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research, Observational study definition characteristics techniques, Methodological framework definition/structure/examples, What are Research questions how to approach a study examples, What is Correlational research characteristics types and examples, What is free association origin contents of the unconscious problems. Drawing on data from a nationally representative sample and two supplemental experiments, we show that citizens value descriptive representation independently of substantive representation. The research survey is one of the most widely used instruments when conducting descriptive research, where the number of samples to be taken is large. 3. They have no way of having that vote be represented. - Volume 55 Issue 2. Lawless, J. L. (2004). More people feel like they are adequately represented under this type of structure. The analysis demonstrates that similar to other public policy spaces, descriptive representation in the administration of elections matters. American Journal of Political Science, 511535. An analysis of given workloads in the event of medication errors in nursing was conducted by an exploratory-descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. By using descriptive research in conjunction with other research methods, researchers can gain a more complete understanding of a particular topic or phenomenon. Part of Springer Nature. 2. Sharing a racial identity with a member of Congress can also increase the likelihood of aconstituent contactingtheir member of Congress. Through the resource of the survey, it is possible to carry out a descriptive investigation that yields information about the number of hours per day that children in a particular population play. (1999). PubMedGoogle Scholar. They can determine results and guarantee their accuracy by manipulating and isolating certain variables, removing those that are extraneous and unwanted. Poll workers are an integral component of successfully conducting and managing elections in the United States. nicknames with honey in them; westminster college wrestling; how do cat cafes pass health inspections; arcadia edu audio tour; karns supermarket weekly ads Proportional representation, sometimes called simply PR, is defined as an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.. See appendix (Supplementary material) for detailed comparison of CCAP and MTurk data. These three measures are all highly correlated and the index has a standardized \(\alpha\) of 0.89 for Study 1, 0.86 for Study 2, and 0.91 for study 3. Casework. Critical Mass and Women's Substantive Representation Women's descriptive representation and the literature that addresses the means by which more women might be elected to national office involve, at face value, number-based models. The Journal of Politics, 61(03), 628657. par | Juin 16, 2022 | east bridgewater town election 2021 | valleydale hot dogs | Juin 16, 2022 | east bridgewater town election 2021 | valleydale hot dogs It can only describe a situation and cannot explain why something is happening. Naturalistic observation is valuable technique utilised as research method which are commonly employed by psychologist and social scientist. First, the effects of a politician's race is likely to The figure below presents the difference in the likelihood of a voter believing that their ballot, ballots locally, and ballots across the state are counted accurately with and without the presence of descriptive representation. When a person is unaware they are being observed it reduces change in behavior, which can occur when if they are aware that they are being observed. It allows us to see part of the human mind and how it works and how it interact with others. The effect of descriptive representation on the relationship between citizens and their government. (McLeod, 2015) In my opinion, controlled observation is the most accurate mothed to use when studying a subject, because professionals can control and account for different variables. Candidate gender and womens psychological engagement in politics. village 201 new townhomes by alliance development virginia palmer elementary school staff. 3. It is for this reason that it can be said that a descriptive research is quantitative. Hero, R. E. & Tolbert, C. J. Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 441460. The formal charging of a government official with "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors". (2010). pros and cons of descriptive representationdanny sorenson paper clips. Example: The population may be all people living in India. Gomez( 2006)argues naturalistic observations of primates show that how certain objects is intrinsic part of primate lives, from simple food collecting process as taking certain organic fruits. This information can be used to develop hypotheses for further research. It can be an unstable form of government. The American Political Science Review, 535547. Political Analysis, 20(3), 351368. Pros 1. Weissberg, R. (1978). The benefits of descriptive research include that it is a great way to get a snapshot of a situation and can identify trends or patterns. Degree of Control over Variables. While descriptive research can be a powerful tool, it has its pros and cons. Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. 5. Part of descriptive statistics is to characterize which model the variable presents to an observer. When the implementation of descriptive representation involves some costs in other values, paying those costs makes most sense in these specific historical contexts. Under proportional representation, everyone would have an opportunity to have their views represented in their government in some way. As political parties, legislative committees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descriptive representation most useful. Schwindt-Bayer, L. A., & Mishler, W. (2005). Furthermore, it is applied only to a group, over which it has no control whatsoever. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Engaged Fatherhood for Men, Families and Gender Equality. Gay, C. (2002). descriptive representation pros and consupgrading kramer baretta specialupgrading kramer baretta special These individuals are served byalmost one million citizens who volunteer to serve as poll workers at more than 100,000 polling locations across the United States. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 35. Making Elections Accessible and Meaningful Providing Incentives for Conciliation Facilitating Stable and Efficient Government Holding the Government Accountable Holding Individual Representatives Accountable Encouraging Political Parties Promoting Legislative Opposition and Oversight Making the Election Process Workable and Sustainable frontiers in education conference 2022 0 items / $ 0.00. However, the disadvantages of descriptive research include that it can be limiting, cannot identify cause and effect, and may be biased. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. To investigate other possible predictors of perceptions of fairness, we also re-ran the results adjusting for several demographic and political covariates. While it has its pros and cons, it can be particularly useful in identifying trends or patterns. There may even be safe states in U.S. presidential elections since most states award all electoral votes to the majority candidate. Article Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. That means the representatives are required to build consensus through compromise, which results in moderate, centrist policies instead of sliding to the left or the right. Some of the most important are listed below. Want to share feedback on WAPPP's events, programming, and opportunities for student and alum engagement? Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? American Journal of Political Science, 717732. Some of the pros of grades include: Standardization and universally recognized: In virtually any corner of the globe, people will understand what an A, B, C, D, or F letter grade stands for. In addition, it obtains information on the phenomenon or situation to be studied, using techniques such as observation and survey, among others. Until a candidate reaches more than the set share of votes, no one is declared a winner. a firm and chewy baked product contains gluten; is chuck drummond still alive; homes for rent by owner in calumet city, il; houma news live; did adam bowles leave kthv New Haven: Yale University press. Being female, black, and possessing a more liberal ideology were associated with lower perceptions of fairness. So it can be said that fundamentally numerical values are obtained. Are Russian troops using sexual violence as a weapon? Some examples of descriptive investigations may be the following: Studying the penguin population that exists in the South Georgia Islands is a descriptive investigation that answers the what and where. 2-3:30 pm Although this research is highly accurate, it does not gather the causes behind a situation. Atkeson, L. R. (2003). Descriptive statistics comprises the statistical methods dealing with the collection, tabulation and summarization of data, so as to present meaningful information. Apr 10, 2015. Representativeness and elections: A policy analysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. Population : A data set contain all members of a specified group (the entire list of data values). To illustrate, observing someone do a multitude of rudimentary actions can be considered a deed of naturalistic observation. There are occasions where the pre-experimental. The gender gap in Latin America: Contextual and individual influences on gender and political participation. Hood III, and Mason Reece, Descriptive Representation in Election Administration. This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. 1. The closer assessment of pros and cons will. British Journal of Political Science, 39(01), 141162. Stealth democracy: Americans beliefs about how government should work. In this type of research method, emphasis is placed on natural settings and the participants. ; ; Problems of Descriptive Representation in Dutch Works Councils. Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). The American Political Science Review, 84, 377393. Overby, L. M., Brown, R. D., Bruce, J. M., Smith, C. E, Jr., & Winkle, J. W, III. Lombardo, E., & Meier, P. (2014). For example, research studying the morphology and mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 is descriptive. Tyler, T. R. (1988). Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. The effect of black voters interacting with a black poll worker when compared to a non-black poll worker increases the probability of being very confident in ballot accuracy from a range of 8 to 10 percentage points. Advantage The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. Even in countries that have encouraged proportional representation, some of the largest changes that have occurred in those societies happened when an absolute majority was present within the government. Congress in black and white. However, it is important to understand its limitations and when it is most appropriate to use. This is particularly true in federal elections when the more than 3,000 counties, parishes, and boroughs in the United States individually conduct elections that are used to determine outcomes for the states in which they are embedded and the nation as a whole. Descriptive representation, on the other hand, is generally seen as independent of policy actions. Since its origins in 1890 as one of the three main divisions of the University of Chicago, The University of Chicago Press has embraced as its mission the obligation to disseminate scholarship of the highest standard and to publish serious works that promote education, foster public understanding, and enrich cultural life. Of particular importance is whether substantive or descriptive representation are necessary to create symbolic representation and perceptions that government outcomes are fair and legitimate. Amazons Mechanical Turk is an online system through which workers can complete short tasks for compensation. Desposato, S., & Norrander, B. Journal of Politics, 65(4), 10401061. It does not provide direct representation to specific communities. There are times when a strong majority in the government is required to push through needed reforms. Naturalistic observations were used by Charles Darwin during his research on chimpanzee; nonetheless, Charles Darwin was so fascinated by observing how primates and humans are acting in similar ways and having influence to another. Lack of Secrecy: Graphical representation makes the full presentation of information that may hamper the objective to keep something secret.. 5. Having more voices can be a good thing, but it can also create a discord that makes it impossible to government. Hayes, M., Hibbing, M.V. During the fall 2022 semester, students across Harvard University examined women's education as both a preventative tool and as a perpetrator of conflict in a course taught by Rangita de Silva de Alwis, HKS Adjunct Professor of Public Policy. That means the 49% of people who voted Republican will be represented by somebody for whom they did not vote. It is possible that subjects evaluations of these rates of descriptive representation depend on the type of community they are thinking of. It involves the collection and analysis of data to describe a phenomenon or situation. Matthew Hayes. 17 Pivotal Hydroelectricity Pros and Cons, 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. Data from the 2016Survey of the Performance of American Elections(SPAE) was used to evaluate the relationship between descriptive representation and confidence. The advantages to his method are; realistic natural behaviours, low demand characteristics, can generate new ideas for research and test existing findings. A contingent yes. About descriptive representation. 4612. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Mansbridge, J. Representing black interests and promoting black culture: The importance of African American descriptive representation in the US House. Naturalistic observation can be structured or unstructured; for this study, unstructured naturalistic observation was mostly used. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation.