bantu expansion genocide bantu expansion genocide

Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. 18091. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. False and dangerous equivalency. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. [28] Where Bantu was adopted via language shift of existing populations, prior African languages were spoken, probably from African language families that are now lost, except as substrate influences of local Bantu languages (such as click sounds in local Bantu languages). A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. Dingiswayo very quickly noticed that the young Shaka possessed a particular talent for war, and took him into his army. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. . It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. [1] The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. Personal communication from Mr Fagg.Google Scholar, 14 Unless otherwise stated, all carbon dates are taken from the summaries published in the Journal of African History, II (1961), 1379, and IV (1963), 5278.Google Scholar, 15 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. 2002). Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. fall into the classification of genocide. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. What area? It never happened. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. Required fields are marked *. Linguists, classifying the languages and creating a genealogical table of relationships, believed they could reconstruct material culture elements. Derek Nurse und Grard Philippson: The Bantu Languages. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. Total loading time: 0 Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. One of the many ways used by white supremacists and apologists to legitimize colonialism of the African continent & genocide of its people. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture. Enter your library card number to sign in. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. The first 500 years were spent moving a few hundred kilometers through the dense West Central African rainforest. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. In South Africa, however, a more complex intermixing could have taken place.[31]. The migrants settled in three primary areas. "[26] In some places, genetic evidence suggests that Bantu language expansion was largely a result of substantial population replacement. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. Rape and slavery was common practice among the Bantu colonists. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. That's a bold claim. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. These are huge areas. Feature Flags: { The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. Its a MYTH. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. cit. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside.