What state has the most Russian immigrants? scheduled departures were rare in Men from Russia arrive via Angel Island. For addresses of organizations with these hometown indexes, see: Village coordinators coordinate the gathering of information and the compiling of databases for specific Germanic villages in Russia. Hundreds of Jewish villages and neighborhoods were burned by rampaging mobs, and thousands of Jews were slaughtered by Russian soldiers and peasants. What aspects of the story seem most important for all Americans? The Germans were also held to have abused the native populations in internal warfare, allied with the Germans during their occupation. Passenger arrival records can help you determine when an ancestor arrived and the ports of departure and arrival. A total of 2,226 people fled to the United States from Russia. It introduces the principles, search strategies, and additional record types you can use. In Hawaii there were three forts at Kauai. vehicles. Most white migrs left Russia from 1917 to 1920 (estimates vary between 900,000 and 2 million), although some managed to leave during the 1920s and 1930s or were expelled by the Soviet government (such as, for example, Pitirim Sorokin and Ivan Ilyin). A group of 35 Russians was secretly ushered into the US last week after waiting for days to cross the southwestern border while Ukrainian citizens were welcomed in, according to a new report. an obscure European village to the United States by the late 19th century. A good listing of German colonies in Russia is: Despite difficulties in accessing records in Russia, it is often possible to trace your lineage to Germany and back to the early 1600s. I lift my lamp beside the golden door!. bYivi (2XV.nGpD4*;bO,Kb+Uj`ayJ nL+ Connect. If you are looking for Mennonite records, check with the Mennonite congregation in North America where the family first settled. If the port of embarkation was some 30 million Steerage passengers were then faced by U.S. customs officials, who promptly checked luggage for dutiable items or contraband after being issued manifest tags to make it easier for inspectors to discover their information. The only decent store in sight was the apothecary shop., If you wish to read Cowens report on the Kalarash pogrom in its entirety, it can be found at the following link:https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/kalarash-pogrom. who informed the Site by, Analyzing Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Political Cartoons, Thinking Routines for a World on the Move, https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/kalarash-pogrom, https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/bound-for-america. A Belarusian person. The earliest German settlement in Moscow dates to 1505-1533. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Based on what you have read, what insight did Cowens report offer into the reasons why Jews were fleeing Russia for the United States? People are often drawn to new regions by greater economic prospects, more employment, and the promise of a better life. Russian-speaking culture They came from many countries, but also set the stage for a later wave of Jewish immigration from the Soviet Union that started in the 1970s, when Brighton Beach became known as Little Odessa, and Little Russia. As a result, steamship lines became increasingly careful about whom Except in places where immigration was restrictedlike the Russian } Many members of the Russian aristocracy who left Russia following the Bolshevik Revolution played important roles in the White Emigre communities that sprung up throughout Europe, North America, and other areas of the globe. But she got a letter from her son saying that there had been a pogrom in Philadelphia, so she mustnt go, for he was going to return, as if there were pogroms in America they might as well stay in Russia. The German colonists who settled in Russia came mostly from southern Germany, principally Wrttemberg. The Jason-Vanik agreement kept immigration from the U.S.S.R. to the United States open and as a result, from 1980 to 2008 some 1 million peoples immigrated from the former Soviet Union to the United States. Unite. Their migration began as encouraged by local noblemen, often Polish landlords, who wanted to develop their significant land-holdings in the area for agricultural use. A handful of German and Dutch craftsmen and traders were allowed to settle in Moscow's German Quarter, as they provided essential technical skills in the capital. In Northern Europe, many immigrants departed from Dutch or German ports like Amsterdam and Bremen. It was especially popular with Scandinavians, Russians, and Poles, who came via boat and train from across the North Sea. Traveling to the United States for central and eastern Europeans, such as Russian emigrants, entailed weeks or months at sea. callback: cb What happened to the rich after the Russian Revolution? Home University Of Illinois At Chicago Where Did Russian Immigrants Settle In America? Widespread poverty and starvation cast a shadow over Russia during the late 1800s. and Eastern Europe was on European Emigration While by broad definition pogroms are organized massacres of a certain ethnic group, the term is most particularly applied to Jews in Russia or Eastern Europe. To what extent should an understanding of history shape our immigration laws today? We can be reached via our blog at intermountainchapterahsgr.blogspot.com. It lists most of the original German colonists who came to Russia and usually indicates their place of origin in Germany. Russians do not choose their own middle name, it is created by taking their fathers name and adding the ending -ovich/-evich for boys, or -ovna/-evna for girls, the particular ending determined by the last letter of the fathers name. In addition, in Russia the area is sometimes also referred to as near abroad (Russian: , romanized . With silent lips. In a comprehensive report, which he compiled from 1906 to 1907, Cowen detailed 637 pogroms. When the czar was assassinated in 1881, the crime was blamed, falsely, on a Jewish conspiracy, and the government launched a wave of state-sponsored massacres known as pogroms. This index contains about 2.9 million cards. In the 1880s, more than 200,000 Eastern European Jews arrived in the U.S. The majority of the Soviet Jews that emigrated to the United States went to Cleveland. In the early 1900s, how did the majority of Russian inhabitants earn a living? Their pattern of settlement in this country is directly related to their pattern of settlement in Russia. Many were fleeing poverty and persecution; some worked and . Of an approximate figure of 1.5 million exiles during the Russian Civil War, about 400,000 have taken up residence in France. The Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, however, were different in two crucial ways. The necessity for security was Stalins primary motivation for establishing Soviet satellite governments in Eastern Europe. To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides. Men from Russia arrive via Angel Island. Theybelieved that emigration, particularly to the U.S., was their best hope for finding safety for their families. I understand that during last fall there was a clash between workmen in a Philadelphia factory which gave this newcomer a twisted idea of American life.. In the past, the Russian term for red, krasni, was also used to indicate anything lovely, excellent, or respectable. The need for workers attracted new German immigration, particularly from the increasingly crowded central European states. New York was by far the most commonly used port, followed by the others. and Bremen. bk"q>*4Y X {cE6ygw!4_(w%5O. In 1890, 35,600 Russian immigrants arrived in the United States; and by 1907 over 259,000 Russian immigrants escaping the "Pale" came to the United States to seek refuge from persecution and economic hardship. Also, How long was the boat ride from Russia to Ellis Island? believed that emigration, particularly to the U.S., was their best hope for finding safety for their families. a journey over the sea Depending on the wind and weather, the journey took anywhere from 40 to 90 days. Shortly after 1800, the first German families started moving into the area. Why did Russian immigrants settle in America? Immigrants from Russia who are not Jewish Non-Jewish Russians started arriving in the United States in 1881 and continued to do so throughout the twentieth century. June 12, 1910 (departed May 24, 1910, port of departure Libau, "The Russia". The other side was simply wrecked, even the stock of an iron merchant being destroyed, for the men came armed with powerful crowbars and other instruments. Just as ethnic Russians and Poles were finding their way to American shores, one of the most dramatic chapters in world history was underwaythe mass migration of Eastern European Jews to the United States. Even if something is written in German or Russian, it may contain valuable information. listeners: [], Soviet Ark. The Library of Congress offers classroom materials and professional development to help teachers effectively use primary sources from the Library's vast digital collections in their teaching. Why did Russians migrate to satellite states? Millions of Europeans emigrated out of Europe through the port of Hamburg in Germany between 1850 and 1934. How many Russian immigrants live in the US? Over two million optimistic Russians went out on foot between 1880 and 1910, headed for port towns farther east, when many sailed to the United States. Russian Jews comprised a large portion of migration from Russia, especially following the Russian government's removal of the freedom to worship in 1870. Credit: Imagno/Hulton Archive/Getty Images, About 1900, Novgorod, Russia. What did chalk marks on an immigrants clothing mean? The records of the Catholic parish in that place will then help in tracing your ancestry. In New York City alone more than 5,000 Russian immigrants were arrested. In 1891, for example, The German Federal Statistical Office reported the following figures for Russian speakers from the year 2000: legal aliens (365,415), political asylees (20,000), students (7,431), family members of German citizens (10,000-15,000), special workers in fields of science and culture (5,000-10,000), and diplomatic corps (5,000). anarchists and polygamists. on foot, by rivercraft, or in horse-drawn For statistical information on Russian populations in over 50 countries see the article. This page has been viewed 28,527 times (0 via redirect). The Einwanderungszentralstelle (Immigration Control Center) kept a record of German immigrants returning from Russia, Latvia, Estonia, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, and France. How Do Travel Nurses Get Health Insurance? What he found was a land in which Jews were relentlessly persecuted. There was no longer enough fertile land there for full employment in agriculture. In 1941, Joseph Stalin ordered all inhabitants with a German father to be deported, mostly to. Immigration to America is not a concept unique to the Jewish people, but they definitely made a huge impact in the new world. Black Russians were being consumed by a man who seemed to be a construction worker. Nearly 3 million Russians entered during the first wave of open immigration that began in the late 19th century and continued into the early 20th century. The largest migration came after the second Polish rebellion of 1863, and Germans began to flood into the area by the thousands. The deportees generally lost all their property and were often attacked during their deportations. Odessa: A German Russian Digital Online Library is a digital library dedicated to the cultural and family history of the millions of Germans who emigrated to Russia in the 1800s and their descendants. Thanks for reading! In 1903, Emma Lazaruss poem The New Colossus was added to the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty. A surge occurred in 1831 but by 1850, Germans still numbered only about 5000. On December 21, 1919, 249 arrested radicals were put on board the USAT Buford in New York harbor and secretly sent to Russia as "America's Christmas present to Lenin and Trotsky . Struggling to make ends meet, many Russian families labored long hours in garment factories only to take additional work home with them in hopes of pocketing a little extra cash. There were many social, political, and economic reasons (push and pull factors) that prompted their decisions to leave Europe during this period. White Russian Immigrants. Immigrants had to get a passport from authorities in their native country after 1900, in addition to a ticket. travel down the Danube River to Black Sea ports like Constanta and Varna. 1. For many of them, merely getting to the harbor was their first significant adventure. California Northern District Naturalizations, 1850-1989, California, Los Angeles, San Pedro, and Wilmington Passenger Lists, 1900-1948, California, San Francisco Passenger Lists, 1893-1953, Florida, Key West Passenger Lists, 1898-1945, Florida, Tampa Passenger Lists, 1898-1945, Hawaii, Honolulu Passenger Lists, 1900-1953, Illinois Northern District Naturalizations, 1850-1950, Illinois, Northern District, naturalization index, Louisiana, New Orleans Passenger Lists, 1903-1945, Maryland, Baltimore Passenger Lists, 1820-1957, Massachusetts, Boston Crew Lists, 1917-1943, Massachusetts, Boston Passenger Lists, 1820-1943, Michigan, Detroit Passenger Lists, 1900-1965, New York, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and Rochester Arrivals, 1902-1954, North Carolina, Wilmington and Morehead City Passenger Lists, 1908-1958, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Passenger Lists, 1800-1948, Swiss Emigrants To The American Colonies, 1734-1744, United States, Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ports Passenger Lists, 1820-1874, United States, Transatlantic migration indexes, Washington, Seattle Passenger Lists, 1890-1957. Perhaps more important, their rate of return migration was close to zerolower than any other major immigrant group. 4 0 obj In the late 18th century, Russians started to move to Canada. From 1880 to 1920 more than twenty-five million immigrants, many from Austria-Hungary, Russia, and the Ukraine, were attracted to the United States and Canada. The most prominent Russian groups that immigrated in this period were groups from Imperial Russia seeking, and mostly between 1874 and 1880 German-speaking. How did immigrants travel to Ellis Island? This immigration record collection provided by the National Archives and Records Administration and contains official extracts from more than 500,000 arriving immigrants from Russia at the ports of Baltimore, Boston, New Orleans, New York, and Philadelphia between 1834-1897. White Russiannoun. Credit: Universal Images Group/Getty Images, Russian Immigration to America from 18801910, About 1900, New York City. Most Volhynian Germans settled in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Western Canada.[1]. Many members of the Russian nobility who fled Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution played a significant role in the White Emigre communities which settled in Europe, in North America, and in other parts of the world. Caricature Depicting the Biaystok Pogrom by Henryk Nowodworski, 1906 Note that the assailant is wearing a Tsarist army hat. Probably 75% or more of the Germans came from. How many Russian immigrants live in the US? Immigrants from Russia entered the United States at both coasts starting in the late 1800s. 1898-1922 Immigrants from the Russian Empire, 1898-1922, index; 1899 Names of Doukhobor immigrants to Canada in 1899, e-book. Resources about various immigration lists and indexes of German emigrants: Heimatortskartei (Hometown Index) is an index of Germans from Eastern Europe who returned to Germany for re-settlement in the 20th Century, especially after World War II. Remember that in some cases the records of one parish may have been consolidated with those of another parish. of the fastest ships. Earlier in history, particularly during the 17th century, a number of Germans migrated to Russia. Before the days of airplanes, European immigrants, who came from all over Britain and Europe, couldn't just sail from any city or town. In order to uncover the reasons behind this mass exodus of Eastern European Jews, the U.S. Government sent Philip Cowen, an immigration inspector, to Russia in 1906. Russian immigrants entering Canada from the United States 20 Total deductions 279 Net Russian immigration to United States 1,368 The net immigration from Russia into the United States 1901 10 has been estimated also by starting with the 640,000 natives of Russia (including Finland and Russian Poland) enumerated in the United States in 1900 . After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, what is now. United States Emigration and Immigration can help you identify an immigrant ancestor's original hometown. Along with this displacement, which put Russian Jews into a confined place where they struggled to survive, were the pogroms. These groups mainly settled in coastal cities, including Alaska, Brooklyn (New York City) on the East Coast, and Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Portland, Oregon, on the West Coast, as well as in Great Lakes cities, such as Chicago and Cleveland. Russians (Russian: u0440u0443u0441u0441u043au0438u0435, romanized: russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group from Eastern Europe who share Russian origin, culture, and history. Facing religious persecution and poverty, millions of Russians immigrated to the United States at the turn of the 20th century. Records that generally provide the country of origin include: United States censuses (beginning in 1850), Canadian censuses, biographies, death records, obituaries, naturalization declarations or petitions, pre-1883 passenger lists, and military records. How Many Ethnic Neighborhoods Are In Chicago? The Russians and Poles blamed them for being allies of the Nazis and the reason that Nazi Germany had invaded the East. Azerbaijan, the United Arab Emirates, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Latin American countries, and the United States are among the other significant destinations. Immigrants had to This page has been viewed 27,774 times (0 via redirect). All youngsters under sixteen years of age, unaccompanied by one or both of their parents, according to the 1907 Immigration Act. Later, when immigration from Central For those whose ancestors settled in Stark county, considerable research has already been done and the information written up. Russian Immigrants to the United States Around 30 million Europeans moved to the United States between 1815 and 1915. PHS regulations encouraged officers to mark the clothing of immigrants passing through the line with a chalk mark indicating the suspected disease or defect: the letters EX on the lapel of a coat indicated that the individual should only be further examined; the letter C, that the individual should be. Baptists and Moravian Brethren settled mostly northwest of Zhitomir. I've worked with students of all ages and backgrounds, and I love helping them unlock their full potential. Millions traveled to the new world in the last decade of the 19th century, some for political reasons, some for economic reasons, and some for a combination of both. Jewish immigration had been a part of U.S. history since its earliest years. Immigrants from Russia began arriving in the United States in the late 1800s on both coasts. Vladimir Popov and Irina Popova, for example, are brothers and sisters. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, Eventually, Prussia acquired most of the Vistula River's watershed, and the central portion of then-Poland became South Prussia. If you can determine the specific place where the family originated you can trace the family back using German records. The russian immigration to america in the late 1800s was a movement of Russian immigrants who came to America during the late 1800s. There, they would create a world unlike any other in the annals of American immigration. In the next decade, the number was over 300,000, and between 1900 and 1914 it topped 1.5 million, most passing through the new immigrant processing center at Ellis Island. Separated from other residents of the Empire by barriers of language and of faith, as well as by an array of brutally oppressive laws, most never considered themselves Russians. Includes some immigrants from Armenia, Finland, Galicia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Russian Poland, and Ukraine. Russian American Immigration [ edit | edit source] Between 1820 and 1870 only 7,550 Russians immigrated to the United States, but starting with 1881, immigration rate exceeded 10,000 a year: 593,700 in 1891-1900, 1.6 million in 1901-1910, 868,000 in 1911-1914, and 43,000 in 1915-1917. Emigration records list the names of people leaving and immigration records list those coming into Russia. Many aristocracy were assassinated or exiled. fed by the steamship company.Source: Destination America by Charles A. Wills, Home | U.S. Immigration | Personal Stories | Resources | The Program | Teacher's Guide | Feedback | Site Credits, Sources: Busch-AP, German guide-Minnesota Historical Society-CORBIS, Fumigation-U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Russian pogrom-Bettmann-CORBIS, Ship-Bettman/CORBIS, Book & Series: Destination America, 2005 Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Since the early 19th century, Jewish immigrants from Germany had built a substantial presence up and down the Eastern Seaboard. To learn more, see Germans from Russia Archives and Libraries. The city of New York is home to 600,000 people, accounting for 8% of the population. I've since worked with schools and districts all over the country, helping them improve their curriculums and instruction methods. The pogroms caused an international outcry, but they would continue to break out for decades to come. After that, the people were loaded onto tiny steamboats and transported to Ellis Island. The areas of Canada with the highest percentage population of Russian Canadians are the Prairie Provinces.[9]. How important is the concept of lineage in forming an identity? several days awaiting boarding, during which they were lodged and A Russian who supported the tsar in the 1917 Revolution and the Russian Civil War (191820), and afterwords. This is a list of Russian Imperial House members who held the titles of velikaia kniaginia (Russian: u0432u0435u043bu0438u043aa u043au043du0438u043d) or velikaia knazhna (Russian: u0432u0435u043bu0438u043au0430 u043au043du043du0430) (usually translated into French and English as grand duchess, but more accurately grand princess). Volga Germans settled mostly in Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas. Credit: Universal Images Group/Getty Images, Do not sell or share my personal information. *After it was purchased by the United States in 1867, most Russian settlers went back to Russia, but some resettled in southern Alaska and California. The chapter also consists of numerous resourceful village coordinators, who willingly assist researchers. The family may have documents concerning the place of origin, such as old passports, birth or marriage certificates, journals, photographs, letters, or a family Bible. Not seeing a single store of any ambitious appearance I questioned if there had been any large businesses places there, when some of the above facts were given me and I was told that there were many fine ones. they let on board. In Northern Europe, many immigrants departed ); Sometimes immigrants had to spend In 1682, Moscow had about 200,000 citizens; some 18,000 were classified as Nemtsy, which means either "German" or "western foreigner". Educator Summit 2022, Webinars and Online Professional Development, Carola Surez-Orozcos Moving Stories Project, 5 Steps for Creating Welcoming and Inclusive Learning Environments, Building Diverse, Culturally Responsive Text Sets with the Learning Arc, Using Childrens Literature to Teach the Learning Arc Framework, Listen, Watch, and Talk Resources and Lesson Starters, Connecting to the Educating for American Democracy Roadmap, Thinking Routines: Inquire in a World Shaped by Migration, Thinking Routines: Communicate Across Differences, Thinking Routines: Recognize Power Relationships and Inequities. AHSGR.org chapters have been created to assist researchers. Locating Ship Passenger Lists, by Myra Vanderpool Gormley, C.G. This immigration record collection provided by the National Archives and Records Administration and contains official extracts from more than 500,000 arriving immigrants from Russia at the ports of Baltimore, Boston, New Orleans, New York, and Philadelphia between 1834-1897. Between 1815 and 1915 around 30 million Europeans immigrated to the United States. he passed along to the immigrant, who boarded a train for the port city. Immigrants from Russia began arriving in the United States in the late 1800s on both coasts. From 1783 onward the Crown initiated a systematic settlement of Russians, Ukrainians, and Germans in the Crimean Peninsula (in what was then the Crimean Khanate) in order to dilute the native population of the Crimean Tatars. Many settled in the area around the Black Sea, and the Mennonites favoured the lower Dnieper river area, around Ekaterinoslav (now Dnipro) and Aleksandrovsk (now Zaporizhia). Where did most Russian immigrants settle in the 1800s? Individuals may have beliefs and opinions about locations that arent always right, but are powerful pull factors for them. How long did it take to get from Russia to Ellis Island? Europeans arrived in the The Soviet Union was the only Communist government in the world when the war ended, and Stalin feared the Western countries were out to destroy it. I'm also a big believer in lifelong learning- there's always something new to learn! Where did most Russian immigrants settle in the 1800s? For example, Vladimir Popov and Irina Popova are brother and sister. 1608: The city of Quebec was established by the French. for this feature. Property was nationalized after the revolution, and many wealthy Russians were ruined. Russia: Odessa, St. Petersburg/Leningrad, Riga, Libau/Liepaja, Memel/Klaipeda Scotland: Glasgow Spain: Barcelona Sweden: Goteborg Turkey: Constantinople/Istanbul Yugoslavia: Rijeka, Fiume Ports of Entry into the United States Not all immigrants were greeted by the sight of the Statue of Liberty when they arrived in the United States. weeks or months at sea aboard sailing ships subject to the vagaries of Two years later, following the end of the alliance and the Nazi German invasion of the Soviet Union, By the end of the 19th century, Volhynia had more than 200,000 German settlers. Those who preferred rural living reaped the benefits of the Homestead Act and set up farms across the West, while still others worked in mills and mines in the American heartland. For the next 150 years, the British and the French disputed control of . Between 1820 and 1870 only 7,550 Russians immigrated to the United States, but starting with 1881, immigration rate exceeded 10,000 a year: 593,700 in 18911900, 1.6 million in 19011910, 868,000 in 19111914, and 43,000 in 19151917. What port did Russian immigrants leave from? In another one of his reports, Cowen describes how some Russian Jews, who journeyed to the U.S. and wrote back to their families, were enthusiastic about the new country. Below is a list of U.S. ports for which the National Archives has passenger arrival records. Many of the other immigrants of the turn of the 20th century came to the U.S. as sojourners, planning to stay for a while, earn a nest egg, and return to their ancestral homeland. I got my start in education as a teacher, working with students in grades K-12. wind and weather. Of all the ethnic and national groups that lived under the rule of the Russian czars, the Eastern European Jews had long been the most isolated and endured the harshest treatment. Emigration and immigration sources list the names of people leaving (emigrating) or arriving (immigrating) in the country. The vast majority of these Germans were Protestant Lutherans (in Europe they were referred to as Evangelicals). In his description of the Kalarash pogrom of 1905, Cowen writes: 550 homes representing 2,300 persons, were burned or plundered and the loss was over a million roubles. If you are using emigration/immigration records to find the name of your ancestors' town in Russia, see Russia Finding Town of Origin for additional research strategies. After the Russian Revolution, the American government began to fear that the U.S. was in danger of its own communist revolution and cracked down on political and labor organizations. Between 1880 and 1920, more than two million Russian Jewish left Eastern Europe for the United States. According to the first census of the Russian Empire in 1897, about 1.8 million respondents reported German as their mother tongue. Her words have come to represent a vision of the United States as a beacon for those seeking a better life. In the early part of the century, just How old did children have to be in order to enter the U.S. by themselves Ellis Island? Jewish communities had played a vital role in the culture of Eastern Europe for centuries, but in the 19th century they were in danger of annihilation. The following work is of great value to those researching Germans in Russia. The majority of Russians worked in offices and businesses as white-collar workers. 2 0 obj The cards are arranged in alphabetical order based on name pronunciation rather than spelling. The voyage took between 40 and 90 days, depending on the wind and weather. For more information about these passenger lists and indexes see Hamburg Passenger Lists. How can understanding the push factors of why a particular immigrant group fled their country help us in the process of better accepting and integrating them? Congress barred from admission those "suffering from a loathsome or The only non-Jew hurt was a German who had sought to defend the Jews. <> In Russia, the May Laws of 1882forced Jews from their homes and ordered them to live in the Pale of Settlement.
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