naive scientist vs cognitive miser

Introducing Cram Folders! I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. 238 0 R 239 0 R] 24 0 obj /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? /Type /ExtGState Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. >> /CS /DeviceRGB -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. Describe his findings. 4 0 obj Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. /CS /DeviceRGB -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do Wim . Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. /Resources << /Resources << /ExtGState << -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors /Subtype /TrueType Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. 4,000 & 9,000 \\ >> Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. /F1 21 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R 11 0 obj What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /F3 23 0 R What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. 21 0 obj /StructParents 4 Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? /GS8 28 0 R Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. based on similarity. -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. << It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] 9 0 obj Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. Discuss the validity of each statement. The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. /Group << Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. Gordon Pennycook . Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. /F6 26 0 R The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C /F3 23 0 R Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. /StructParents 11 Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. /GS7 27 0 R Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives stream the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. >> q*15Q[7t. 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 3 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Group << /K [20 0 R] /F2 22 0 R /Type /Group 3,000 & 10,000 \\ -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. /Tabs /S When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? >> /ExtGState << It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cognitive miser". /LastChar 239 Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 >> 7,000 & 6,000 \\ What is conformity? [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. Pennycook . An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R /F3 23 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Resources << Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. >> the degree to which something is extreme) is . [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F2 22 0 R What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? 8 0 obj Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. /CS /DeviceRGB 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R They argue that people start the process of impression formation by >> /Type /Font -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". << 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 a. /Type /Group On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. /Contents 41 0 R Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. What is an internal versus an external attribution? "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. In par-ticular, this need . Cookie policy. The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. What is social loafing? What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /Type /Group >> Introducing Cram Folders! /F4 24 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. What are the major forms of household income? -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. It is an important concept in social cognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. << Heuristics are one way that we save resources. /S /Transparency -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. >> [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. You have created 2 folders. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. /Resources << This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. endobj << /GS7 27 0 R (1950s) a. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. How does a "flawed scientist" reason? >> x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F Fugelsang . Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R [39][originalresearch? /Parent 2 0 R What is an attribution? Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. %PDF-1.5 -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence /Name /F2 -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people 10 0 obj /LastChar 32 /Font << things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . % How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did AS such, categorization provides What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? /GS8 28 0 R ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 /Tabs /S /Tabs /S /Marked true Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. /GS8 28 0 R What is diffusion of responsibility? This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. /Tabs /S Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. /BM /Normal /Contents 39 0 R However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". >> 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. >> 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 << /F3 23 0 R 18 0 obj Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. traits associated with the stereotype. /Subtype /Type1 makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). /Type /Group 2011 . >> nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question << >> -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) /Type /Group Stolz . -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] /ExtGState << The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. >> /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! >> How did Asch study conformity? /FirstChar 32 /Parent 2 0 R /Worksheet /Part [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. 2,000 & 11,000 \\ /GS7 27 0 R they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? >> /Font << . The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. >> /Resources << be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our /Encoding /Identity-H /F1 21 0 R For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /CS /DeviceRGB Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 /InlineShape /Sect Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. /Contents 36 0 R >> /Parent 2 0 R Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? /Tabs /S 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] [15][pageneeded]. << What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. What is social contagion? -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. >> Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. >> This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. << /F4 24 0 R 5,000 & 8,000 \\ ] 72 0 R] [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems.