noun, verb: Kikkuofu kick off, kick-off: noun: Arufa alpha: noun: Shonichi first . In the example, this is used after "kanojo . But looks like the "processed food" idea is recurrent in most definitions. People who like the name Suki also like: Sakura, Aiko, Keiko, Violet, Lorelei, Kaida, Naomi, Jack, Matthias, Alexander, Liam, Benjamin, Abel, Aaron Names like Suki: However, the Japanese Baby Names Project lists three possible spellings of Suki which could be used as names: (the phonetic katakana spelling of Suki). The name Sookie is primarily a female name of American origin that means Lily. Suki also carries many meanings in Sanskrit, according to Wisdom Lib. samurai, member of the Japanese warrior caste. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: Sook. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sook. Derived from Japanese origin, the meaning of Yuki is 'snow' or ' lucky .'. Japanese people quite often use it to say welcome home to their family members or welcome back to their friends or such. According to People Pill, she has appeared in many television programs and dramas, including Homeland Beauty, A Great Way to Care, and The Green Grass of Home. oh yes, the history part has the "citation needed" link, I overlooked it. Wikipedia has this to say: (I omitted some parts), [] The distinction between the two is clear (now). Probably, it implies a diseased mind affecting whole-body health. What is the meaning of the name Suki? Kevin Miller is a growth marketer with an extensive background in Search Engine Optimization, paid acquisition and email marketing. approx English pronunciation for Sookie: S as in "see (S.IY)" ; UH as in "look (L.UH.K)" ; K as in "key (K.IY)" ; IY as in "eat (IY.T)". Suki () means " I like you " or " I love you ". When we want to say welcome home or welcome back casually in Japanese, therefore, okaeri is the best choice. You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that's only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. https://www.definitions.net/definition/Sookie. "After the incident", I started to be more careful not to trip over things. We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe.If by any chance you spot an inappropriate comment while navigating through our website please use this form to let us know, and we'll take care of it shortly. Kansai style sukiyaki is from Osaka, and Kanto style is from Tokyo. meal. Ske (), pronounced , is a Japanese term that means "the head family [house]." In the realm of Japanese traditional arts, it is used synonymously with the term iemoto. This is another typical usage of byouki. I'll be very interested in what you hear back. The term, however, is not limited to the genre of martial arts. In Kansai style, one seasons the meat with sugar, soy sauce, and sake. Sukiyaki is a Japanese hot pot dish that contains meat and vegetables cooked in a soy sauce broth, according to Just One Cookbook. When okaeri works as an interjection, it is often in hiragana; when it works as the polite expression of a noun, it is often in a combination of kanji and hiragana. The common Japanese word suki, pronounced "suh-kee", means a liking of, or fondness for; it means you love something or have a taste for that thing. Some modern western ske have used the title Ske-dai () as a title for their assistant as the leader of their school. How can this new ban on drag possibly be considered constitutional? Famous Name | Articles | Forums | Contests I don't think there's any consciousness that is from Ainu up here. If you translate the article, please do not strengthen the claim by dropping (some consider ). What does ~ mean. This button displays the currently selected search type. What does (Kyoki) mean in Japanese? roll noun. Sometimes you see a romanization of "sensee" but that is just trying to help with pronunciation; it's not actually at the end but . All rights reserved. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Sookie Sookie is a variant of the name Susan or Susannah, from Hebrew (Shoshona) meaning "rose" or "lily." Most famously, the name occurs in the English nursery rhyme "Polly Put the Kettle On." How to pronounce Sookie? Sookie is a variant of the name Susan or Susannah, from Hebrew (Shoshona) meaning "rose" or "lily." There, she lives in Pyongyang for many months during the final year of the reign of leader Kim Jong-il. Are there any common Japanese words which were borrowed from Ainu or other indigenous languages? Ske are generally considered the ultimate authority within their art, and have final discretion and authority regarding promotions, curriculum, doctrine, and disciplinary actions. They are versatile & have an optimistic attitude. The Tokyo region does have some slang used most often in that area, though. . Namiko Abe is a Japanese language teacher and translator, as well as a Japanese calligraphy expert. Perhaps, some Japanese learners know this word as it is sometimes used in Japanese movies, video games, manga, anime, and the like. Mother's Day: Haha no Hi. hayakat ta ne. Abe, Namiko. It is important to keep . sook imperative verb suk variants or sookie -k, -ki dialectal used as a call to cows Word History Etymology alteration of suck entry 1 Love words? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. We can easily understand its meaning and role from the sentence, as boku cannot be sickness itself. Suki is also a girls name. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! @virmaior, please do! The common Japanese word suki, pronounced "suh-kee", means a liking of, or fondness for; it means you love something or have a taste for that thing. Overall, the word suki is a Japanese noun meaning a fondness for, liking for, or love for. 2023. If so, how close was it? What's the difference between "" (maguro), "" (tsuna), and "" (shiichikin)? What does (Aoi) mean in Japanese? She was born and raised in South Korea, and has traveled to North Korea in 2002 and 2011. When we meet new kanji expressions, we should check their kanji characters in detail to understand their meanings clearly and deeply. , , , , . dispersal noun. Japanese native speakers use okaeri mainly in two different ways: as the shortened version of okaerinasai to mean welcome home; as the polite expression of kaeri to mean return. Sookie, also written 'Sukey' or 'Suki', is a variant of the name Susan or Susannah, from Hebrew (Shoshna) meaning "rose" or "lily." Most famously, the name occurs in the English nursery rhyme "Polly Put the Kettle On.". Below are the definition and meaning of okaeri as the polite expression of kaeri. [ syll. I saw it tonight in Yamagata City, so not really Kanto either and the other day I saw sake here elsewhere. Definitions.net. And some use to differentiate from () "alcohol", according to another answer on that Q & A page. , (Only a theory atm, no source to support it) In Edo period, were considered low standard so became , The food thing makes sense in my opinion but I've personally only used and heard . She is awkward around others, and her telepathy makes it difficult for her to from close relationships with people. toro is just fatty high grade tuna. This sweet and salty broth is full of bold flavors perfect on a cold day. Does it just mean it's a pause from saying a age? You claim that Wikipedia states something, when Wikipedia states something significantly weaker. This is a typical usage of okaeri as a noun. I didn't know the meaning at that time, and some people smiled and told me that it is the same as and told me some people use it. Learn about the name Soma(): Meaning, Origin, Kanji, Theme, Other Readings, Hiragana, Katakana. I am writing this comment for you and readers. soo-kie, so-ok-ie ] The baby girl name Sookie is pronounced SUH-Kiy- . to - : a case particle working as a quote marker. Sookie St. James, from the TV series Gilmore Girls . English Translation. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. Compose bold, clear, mistake-free, writing with Grammarly's AI-powered writing assistant, According to Thought Co, in the Japanese language, the word suki is pronounced suh-kee and means a liking of, love of, or fondness for. In this blog post, however, I will explain this word in detail based on its kanji expression. Shortened forms sound more casual than their original expressions. In this example, it is used after "watashi" to make the subject word in the sentence. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? In this blog post, Ive explained the two different types of okaeri in detail. Abe, Namiko. Youre early, arent you? Thus, it is often used to indicate "headmaster" (or sometimes translated as "head of the family" or even "grand master").The English translation of ske as "grand master" is not a literal translation but it does see use . According to a webpage by Maruha Nichiro Foods, Inc., the Kjien dictionary lists the word as a variation of the word with the same meaning. While the name Tsuki, meaning moon or month may look similar to Suki, these names are pronounced differently and have no relation. Recovering from a blunder I made while emailing a professor, Linear Algebra - Linear transformation question. How to use Slater Type Orbitals as a basis functions in matrix method correctly? Privacy Policy. Hope my explanations are understandable and helpful for Japanese learners. If you preorder a special airline meal (e.g. Used like ( totemo ). By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Example in genki book: ~ = sai = years old. What is the difference between and ? "Understanding the Japanese Word "Suki"." Having to think of a testing methodology. desu - : an auxiliary verb used after a verb or adjective to make it polite. He is also an online editor and writer based out of Los Angeles, CA. In many cases, kanji characters tell us a lot about meanings of words they form. Probably this is well known as a part of . To understand this noun more clearly, however, let me explain its kanji characters in detail, one by one. English Translation. okaeri ga osokat ta desu ne (). The series was adapted into an HBO series of the same name, and stars Anna Paquin as Sookie. More meanings for (Sokai) evacuation noun. More meanings for (Aoi) blue adjective. about | terms of use | privacy policy My explanations would help Japanese learners to use okaeri properly in Japanese. Baby names that sound like Sookie include Sookee, Sookey, Sooki, Sooky, Saatchi, Sabbee, Sabbi, Sacha (French), Sachey, Sachi (Indian and Japanese), Sachy, Sadzee, Sadzey, Sadzie, Saga (Scandinavian), Sagah, Sagga, Saha (Indian), Sahkyo, and Sai (Japanese). Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. English Translation sobbing More meanings for (Kyoki) sobbing noun , , , , weeping noun , , , Find more words! blue color noun. Urban Dictionary states that the word suki can also be slang for love, because daisuki in Japanese means to like a lot. Suki can be seen as slang for the word daisuki.. She is married to Jackson Belleville, the produce supplier for the Dragonfly Inn. Definition of ooki, meaning of ooki in Japanese: 1 definitions matched, 150 related definitions, and 0 example sentences; The webpage also states that there is no obvious geographical tendency between the use of and . start. Let me summarize them as follows. Is a PhD visitor considered as a visiting scholar? https://www.babynames.com/name/suki#:~:text=The%20name%20Suki%20means%20Beloved,considering%20baby%20names%20for%20girls. This is really informative. Celebrating Father's Day in Japanese Culture, First Meetings and Introductions in Japanese, How to Pronounce the Japanese Word 'Kitai', Ari no mama de - The Japanese Version of "Let It Go". She is awkward around others, and her telepathy makes it difficult for her to from close relationships with people. boku wa byouki desu ()Im sick. Then, let me explain how to use this word through the example below. Today I saw onigiri claiming to contain "" (shake). This article will give you all of the knowledge you need on the word suki, including its definition and translation in multiple languages, usage, origin, example sentences, and more! English Translation. Follow Up: struct sockaddr storage initialization by network format-string, Trying to understand how to get this basic Fourier Series. Below are the new words used in the example sentence. When/why would one write a word using ? By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one thats only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. wa - : the same as explained in the last example. Behind The Name states that in Japan, the name does not exist as a feminine name. In Finnish, the word suki is a past tense verb meaning he groomed or he rubbed down in English, according to LingQ. When we want to refer to someones return in a polite way in Japanese, this noun would be the best choice. (2020, January 29). The kanji, or symbolic representation for suki, is . When I asked my friend what that was, she said it was the same as "" (sake), "salmon". Overall, the word suki is a Japanese noun meaning a fondness for, liking for, or love for. A ske has the authority to issue a menkyo kaiden certificate indicating that someone has mastered all aspects of his style. According to this page and this page, some people distinguish the two words, in which case means living or raw salmon and means cooked salmon. Watashi wa ongaku ga ichiban suki da.. . What's the difference between and ? Japanese Body Parts Vocabulary. A friend explained this concept as follows: In Japanese culture, the social protocol calls for utmost attention to the right "atmosphere." Certain actions can only be considered appropriate when the "atmosphere" of the time and place allowed for them to be carried out. They also love children & pets. [3], In some schools such as Kashima-Shinryu there is a related position called Shihanke ( hiragana: ) meaning "Instructor Line" that fills a very similar role. blue. Understanding the Japanese Word "Suki". ; ga - : a case particle used to make the subject word or the object word in a sentence. But, when I did a part-time job at an () during my college time in (Shikoku - not in Kantou region) around 2005, some people used . As far as I know, there is no difference in meaning, but some people seem to distinguish the two words in meanings (see below). A Shihanke is essentially a second training lineage that exists autonomously from the Ske. Abe, Namiko. What's the difference between "" (sake) and "" (shake)? In the example, it refers to the return of you. Then, let me explain how to use this type of okaeri through the example sentence below. She is known for her work in Assassination Nation, a Rainy Day in New York, Insurgent, and Daisy Jones and The Six. So, it is suitable for casual situations. I totally understand the use of small tsu and stuff but I don't understand that and. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. He can be found online here. Welcome home. (Australia, New Zealand, slang) Sentimental, sissy; timid. Native speakers use this noun to refer to the state of being ill, sick, or unhealthy. This answer from another site claims that is an accent difference in Saitama, Chiba, Shizuoka (basically Kantou). They are creative & try to do too many things. "[1] In the realm of Japanese traditional arts, it is used synonymously with the term iemoto. It's the shortened, more masculine form of ( sugoi ). and Difficulties with estimation of epsilon-delta limit proof, The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese. Definition and Pronunciation of the Japanese Word 'Oishii'. I'll poll my class in October. Traditionally, it was used very rarely in Japan, typically only for very old martial arts founded pre-World War II, although it has become a somewhat common term for headmasters of schools created in the last few decades that attempt to reconstruct or emulate older styles of martial arts. Which should I use? which is interesting, cause I always see "salmon" in katakana here in Nagoya. AWWW SOOKIE, SOOKIE NOW! Find similar words to sooky using the buttons Next, then, let me explain the latter one in detail. Copyright 20172023 Japanese Particles Master All Rights Reserved. Part of the variance, and the confusion, arises from the fact that this word is not native to Japanese -- this was originally a borrowing from Ainu. Many Japanese grocery stores sell pre-sliced beef labeled sukiyaki beef. This is a typical usage of okaeri as an interjection. So the tilde represents things like names, nouns and the such. :). The kanji expression of byouki consists of the following two characters: From these two kanji characters, we can understand that byouki literally means disease and mind in Japanese. According to a webpage by Maruha Nichiro Foods, Inc., the Kjien dictionary lists the word as a variation of the word with the same meaning. In Japanese, "suki" can mean several things, but it is most commonly used as the word "like." Sometimes it can be used as slang for the word "love" as well, since in Japanese, "daisuki" means "to like a lot." So, If you "daisuki" something that means you like it a lot. Did this satellite streak past the Hubble Space Telescope so close that it was out of focus? It doesn't actually mean anything specific when written that wayyou should place whatever is related there; as nice gaijin has said, it's a placeholder. 4 Mar. Let me start with the definition and meaning of okaeri as the shortened version of okaerinasai. The Meaning of the Japanese Word Konbanwa. To save this word, you'll need to log in. In this example, it works more like an adjective and means sick. You will see it in some textbooks and the such. What does (Sokai) mean in Japanese? So, this Japanese noun somehow works more flexibly than the English ones do. It can also come from Yu meaning 'reason, cause' combined with ki meaning 'valuable' or 'chronicle.'. It means kuuki yomenai. Sookie has its origins in the Japanese language. How to Say the Months, Days, and Seasons in Japanese. kare wa byouki ni nat ta ()He became sick. rev2023.3.3.43278. Does "aishiteru" and "koishiteru" have the same meaning. Cool 1970s Slang: Words and Sayings From the Disco Era. "Sookie." In English speaking countries, the word suki is most commonly used as a name, although this is not a name that is used in Japan itself. japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/533/, archive.org/stream/ainuenglishjapan00batcuoft#page/386/mode/2up, frpac.or.jp/teach/files/text-bihoro_tyu.pdf, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. What happens if a reader only understands English? What does Soma() mean in Japanese? Is a linguistically versatile expression that can express: sexual excitement; great joy, a warning; or the anticipation of eating a great meal. Native speakers say "yowai" normally to mean 'weak' in Japanese. In this example, it works as a part of the commonly-used expression, byouki ni nat ta, which means to have become sick in Japanese. https://www.behindthename.com/bb/fact/3932586, https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shuki#sanskrit, https://www.lingq.com/en/learn-finnish-online/translate/fi/suki/, Affidavit Meaning: Heres What It Means and How To Use It, Spouse Meaning: Heres What It Means and How To Use It, Valkyrie Meaning: Heres What It Means and How To Use It, Logic Meaning: Heres What It Means and How To Use It. Looking at the title of this question, I cannot help imagining a, everytime i ask for salmon at a sushi place by saying "Sake" i get a beer, so i say "Shake" and there is never a problem. The definition and meanings are not so difficult, I think. The word daisuki () is a bit stronger and means " I really like you " or " I love you ", while aishiteru () is the most romantic phrase that can be used to say " I love you " in Japanese. Sookie Stackhouse is a character from Charlaine Harris True Blood book series, published by Penguin Random House. Oh, THAT tilde. Short for ( hazukashii ). Sooky definition: (Australia, Newfoundland, New Zealand, slang) Complaining , whingeing , sad ; jealous . So are these two just different readings of a kanji, regional differences, used by different generations, etc? Perhaps, some Japanese learners know this word as it is sometimes used in Japanese conversations. Albeit, Salmon in katakana seems to be the preferred way to order though, @Mark: Be careful not to say when you want sushi with , because usually does not mean fresh tuna :). "Understanding the Japanese Word "Suki"." More meanings for (Maki) volume noun. Hope my explanations are understandable and helpful for Japanese learners. According to Fandom, Sookie is a halfling (half faerie half human) and a telepath. That second one refers to one of Covay's other dance songs: "The Boomerang." Covay was recording for Atlantic Records at this time. Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? Then, lets get started! Copyright 20172023 Japanese Particles Master All Rights Reserved. Meaning of Tamashii in Japanese. He studied at Georgetown University, worked at Google and became infatuated with English Grammar and for years has been diving into the language, demystifying the do's and don'ts for all who share the same passion! Baby Names states that the name Suki is of Japanese origin, and means beloved. This name is not very common. could you attach an image of the page in question? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. She is the only writer to ever live undercover in North Korea for the purpose of immersive journalism. I haven't seen much confusion about it. In the example, this works after the clause to indicate what she said. Accessed 4 Mar. They are very social & great uplifters. [4], The widespread use of the term "ske" is controversial in the martial arts community. Its definition and meaning are very simple and clear, I think. Sookie, also written 'Sukey' or 'Suki', is a variant of the name Susan or Susannah, from Hebrew (Shoshna) meaning "rose" or . Below are the new words and particles used in the example sentence. More meanings for (Shoku) eclipse noun. Grammatically, this type of okaeri can be broken down into the following two parts. As others have noted, it is sometimes advisable to use the shake variant in Japanese to avoid potential confusion with {}. Similar Words noun Dkoku shrieking, wailing, lamentation, cry, weeping noun Jsuid water supply system, waterworks noun Namida tears, tear Nearby Translations Throw in a few obvious ones on each side to calibrate. usually it's just a placeholder, but your example doesn't make sense. 1 Hai () Means "Yes" 2 Hai () Means "No" 3 Hai () Means "What?" 4 It's Aizuchi () 5 It Means Other Things Too 6 Recommend 7 Learn Japanese Online with BondLingo 7.1 Related Hai () Means "Yes" This is probably a bit obvious, but "hai" can be used to say "yes." Some of these well known Sukis include Suki Chui, a Hong Kong based actress, Suki Kim, an investigative journalist and novelist, Suki Waterhouse, an English model and actress, Sookie St. James, a character of Gilmore Girls, or Sookie Stackhouse, a character from True Blood. watashi - () : a pronoun meaning 'I' in Japanese. Understanding the Japanese Word "Suki". You are using an out of date browser. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/suki-meaning-and-characters-2028821. This expression should be learnt together with its present tense form, byouki ni naru. . They eat some of the meat first before adding the rest of the ingredients to the pot. It is up to you whether you edit your post. Diminutive form of the name Susan, used in the U.S. South and in areas of the U.K. Sookie Stackhouse, character in the novels by Charlaine Harris, which inspired the TV series "True Blood." Ms. Harris says that Sookie was the name of a friend of her gran Modern Hokkaido Ainu seems to use sak ipe, literally "summer + food" in reference to the salmon fishing season. Japanese native speakers use it to refer to someones return in a polite way in Japanese. What Does the Japanese Word "Nigiyaka" Mean? And actually, it is. Web. I want to receive exclusive email updates from YourDictionary. Automated page speed optimizations for fast site performance, https://www.thoughtco.com/suki-meaning-and-characters-2028821, https://trueblood.fandom.com/wiki/Sookie_Stackhouse, https://gilmoregirls.fandom.com/wiki/Sookie_St._James, https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=suki%20suki, https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/series/BUI/sookie-stackhousetrue-blood, https://www.justonecookbook.com/sukiyaki/. Does ZnSO4 + H2 at high pressure reverses to Zn + H2SO4? In Finnish, the word is a paste tense verb meaning he groomed. The word also has different meanings in Sanskrit. And also, I will explain how to use it through example sentences. The common Japanese word suki, pronounced "suh-kee", means a liking of, or fondness for; it means you love something or have a taste for that thing. Here are a few: ( cho ): Very, totally. Bulk update symbol size units from mm to map units in rule-based symbology, Identify those arcade games from a 1983 Brazilian music video. Both and mean salmon and are written as in kanji (but I will avoid using this kanji in this answer for an obvious reason). The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? In this blog post, I will explain these two okaeri and how to use them through example sentences. What does (Shoku) mean in Japanese? English Translation. What does (Hajime) mean in Japanese? People with name Sookie are jovial & love to talk. It only takes a minute to sign up. Numerology Chaldean Numerology The term samurai was originally used to denote the aristocratic warriors ( bushi ), but it came to apply to all the members of the warrior class that rose to power in the 12th century and dominated the Japanese government until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. All phrases are commonly used to express one's love, though. From these two components, we can understand that okaeri is literally the polite expression of kaeri. below. Ske is sometimes mistakenly believed to mean "founder of a style" because many modern ske are the first generation headmasters of their art (shodai ske; ), and are thus both ske and founder. Sign up to make the most of YourDictionary. More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. She is bubbly and fun, and main character Lorelai Gilmores best friend. How to Use Particle De in Japanese. How do you spell Sookie Sookie? Below are the new words used in the example sentence. However, the successors to the shodai ske are also ske themselves. The name Suki is primarily a female name of Japanese origin that means Beloved. Her book Without You, There Is No Us: Undercover Among the Sons of North Koreas Elite is a New York Times bestseller. JavaScript is disabled. evacuation. ThoughtCo, Jan. 29, 2020, thoughtco.com/suki-meaning-and-characters-2028821. Sukiyaki can either be cooked Kansai style or Kanto style. One moose, two moose. Also the book explains what is but when it's placed here in the word sensee why is i used instead of another E. The book explains in a super brief way, I would like a better explanation. Quick Question then you can close the thread because everytime I google it I can't find it. Native speakers say byouki to mean illness, sickness, or such in Japanese. Sookie is uncommon as a baby girl name. What's the difference between "gohan" and "meshi"? ThoughtCo. According to Fandom, Sookie St. James is the co-owner and chef of the Dragonfly Inn. Let me start with the definition and meanings of byouki. Explore thousands of Japanese girl and boy names. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? In this example, it works to mean welcome home in Japanese. (Australia, Newfoundland, New Zealand, slang) Complaining, whingeing, sad; jealous. The English translation of ske as "grand master" is not a literal translation but it does see use by some Japanese sources.